Vitaminas B neurotrópicas y neuropatía periférica: estado del arte y acuerdo de expertos / Neurotropic B vitamins and peripheral neuropathy: State of the art and agreement of experts

Propósito: La neuropatía periférica tiene un espectro clínico inespecífico y multifactorial, con frecuente subdiagnóstico y terapéutica de eficacia variable. Existe una heterogénea prescripción de vitaminas B, las cuales pueden desempeñar un rol importante en el manejo de diferentes neuropatías; sin embargo, en Colombia no existen guías clínicas al respecto. El propósito de este trabajo es orientar en el reconocimiento temprano de las neuropatías periféricas y generar recomendaciones sobre el uso adecuado de vitaminas B neurotrópicas. Descripción de la metodología: Acuerdo de expertos sobre la neuropatía periférica y el rol terapéutico de las vitaminas B con énfasis en la epidemiología en Colombia, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Contenidos: En Colombia, la prevalencia de neuropatía periférica se estima cercana al 10 %, sin embargo, no hay datos recientes. Dentro de las etiologías más frecuentes se encuentran la neuropatía diabética, infecciosa, inflamatoria, carenciales, toxica y farmacológica. Se recomiendan las siguientes herramientas de tamizaje en población de riesgo: DN4, MNSI, test de monofilamento, test de vibración y valoración de reflejos. Las vitaminas B1, B6 y B12 son seguras, accesibles y pueden ser eficaces en neuropatía periférica, incluso cuando el déficit no ha sido demostrado, pero con requerimientos particulares en su administración conjunta. Conclusiones: Las neuropatías periféricas son un reto diagnóstico y terapéutico que requiere la identificación oportuna para el tratamiento de la etiología subyacente y el control de síntomas. El uso de vitaminas B neurotrópicas es efectivo y seguro en neuropatía periférica carencial, y también parece ser eficaz en el manejo de neuropatías periféricas de diferentes etiologías.

Purpose: Peripheral neuropathy has a nonspecific and multifactorial clinical spectrum, with frequent underdiagnosis and therapeutics of variable efficacy. There is a high but heterogeneous prescription of B vitamins, which can play an important role in the management of different neuropathies; however, in Colombia there are no clinical guidelines in this regard. The purpose of this article is to guide the early recognition of peripheral neuropathy and generate recommendations on the proper use of neurotropic B vitamins. Description of the methodology: Expert agreement on peripheral neuropathy and the therapeutic role of B vitamins with emphasis on epidemiology in Colombia, diagnosis and treatment. Contents: In Colombia, there are no recent data to estimate the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy; the main etiologies are: diabetes mellitus, nutritional deficiencies, herpes zoster and neuropathies due to chemotherapy. Given risk factors in the anamnesis, the use of DN4, MNSI, monofilament test, vibration test and assessment of reflexes is recommended. Vitamins B1, B6, and B12 are safe and can be effective in peripheral neuropathy, even when the deficit has not been demonstrated, but with special requirements in their joint administration. Conclusions: peripheral neuropathies are a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, and require timely identification, for the treatment of the underlying etiology and symptom control. The use of neurotropic B vitamins is effective and safe in deficient peripheral neuropathy, and also appears to be effective in the management of peripheral neuropathies of different etiologies.

Prevalencia de déficit de vitamina B12 en sangre periférica de madres cursando el puerperio inmediato en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell

Objetivo: evaluar la prevalencia del déficit de vitamina B12 en mujeres cursando puerperio inmediato. Material y método: estudio observacional descriptivo de captación prospectiva de la cohorte en estudio. Muestra de 133 mujeres cursando el tercer trimestre de embarazo en la maternidad del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR), Montevideo, Uruguay, entre setiembre de 2021 y octubre de 2022. Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre materna en el puerperio inmediato por punción venosa periférica. Estas muestras fueron procesadas mediante inmunoensayo de electroquimioluminiscencia. Además, se aplicó una entrevista para la evaluación de los hábitos nutricionales. Resultados: todas las pacientes reportaron tener una dieta omnívora, excepto una, que manifestó llevar una dieta vegana y recibía suplementación diaria de vitamina B12. El 75,9% de la muestra del estudio presentó un nivel socioeconómico bajo, puntuado según el cuestionario de medición de nivel socioeconómico del INSE (Índice de nivel socioeconómico, 2018 - Cámara de Empresas de Investigación Social y Mercado del Uruguay, CEISMU). Se registró una prevalencia de déficit de vitamina B12 de 39,10% (n: 52). Conclusiones: a pesar de que esta muestra de embarazadas presenta una dieta omnívora, se detectó una elevada prevalencia de déficit de vitamina B12. Dada la importancia de esta vitamina en la salud materna, fetal y neonatal, se deberían considerar políticas de salud pública de prevención de la deficiencia tanto en embarazadas como en madres lactantes.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in women during the immediate postpartum period. Method: Descriptive observational study with prospective cohort recruitment, involving a sample of 133 women in their third trimester of pregnancy at the Maternity Department of the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center (CHPR) in Montevideo, Uruguay, between September 2021 and October 2022. Maternal blood samples were obtained during the immediate postpartum period through peripheral venous puncture. These samples were processed using electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassay. Additionally, a nutritional interview was conducted to assess dietary habits. Results: All patients reported following an omnivorous diet, except for one who reported following a vegan diet and received daily vitamin B12 supplementation. Seventy-five point nine percent (75.9%) of the study sample exhibited a low socioeconomic status as determined by the Socioeconomic Level Measurement Questionnaire of the INSE (Socioeconomic Level Index, 2018 - CEISMU, Uruguay). Resulting in a vitamin B12 deficiency prevalence of 39.10% (n: 52). Conclusions: Despite the fact that this sample of pregnant women maintains an omnivorous diet, a high prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency was detected. Given the significance of vitamin B12 for maternal, fetal, and neonatal health, public health policies for preventing deficiency should be considered for both pregnant women and lactating mothers.

Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência da deficiência de vitamina B12 em mulheres durante o pós-parto imediato. Métodos: Estudo observacional descritivo de recrutamento prospectivo da coorte em estudo; amostra com 133 mulheres no terceiro trimestre de gravidez na maternidade do Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell (CHPR), em Montevidéu Uruguai, entre setembro de 2021 e outubro de 2022. As amostras de sangue materno foram obtidas no pós-parto imediato por punção venosa periférica que foram processadas por imunoensaio eletroquimioluminescente. Além disso, foi realizada uma entrevista nutricional para avaliar hábitos nutricionais. Resultados: Todas as pacientes relataram ter dieta onívora, exceto uma que relatou ter dieta vegana e receber suplementação diária de vitamina B12. 75,9% da amostra apresentou baixo nível socioeconômico de acordo com o Questionário de Medição do Nível Socioeconômico do INSE (Índice de Nível Socioeconômico, 2018 - CEISMU, Uruguai). Uma prevalência de deficiência de vitamina B12 de 39,10% (n: 52) foi registrada. Conclusões: Embora esta amostra de gestantes tenha dieta onívora, uma alta prevalência de deficiência de vitamina B12 foi detectada. Dada a importância da vitamina B12 na saúde materna, fetal e neonatal, devem ser consideradas políticas de saúde pública para prevenir a deficiência tanto em mães grávidas como em lactantes.

Efectos del déficit de vitaminas B9 y B12 en la génesis de la anemia megaloblástica

La anemia megaloblástica pertenece al subgrupo de anemias carenciales. Con el objetivo de describir el efecto del déficit de vitaminas B9 y B12 en la génesis de la anemia megaloblástica se realizó la presente investigación. La anemia megaloblástica se presenta cuando los niveles de ácido fólico (Vitamina B9) y cianocobalamina (vitamina B12) son bajos, generando así una disminución en la capacidad celular de sintetizar ácido desoxirribonucleico, lo que ocasiona alteraciones hematológicas en todas las líneas celulares de la médula ósea (eritrocitos y plaquetas), principalmente provocando la generación de hematíes de gran tamaño y con baja concentración de hemoglobina. Las vitaminas B9 y B12 participan en la síntesis normal de ácidos nucleicos, implicándose directamente en la síntesis de purinas y pirimidinas, así como la maduración celular. El déficit de estas vitaminas tiene efecto sobre el funcionamiento del sistema nervioso central.

Megaloblastic anemia belongs to the subgroup of deficiency anemias. With the objective of describing the effect of B9 and B12 vitamins deficiency on the genesis of megaloblastic anemia, this research was carried out. Megaloblastic anemia occurs when the levels of folic acid (Vitamin B9) and cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) are low, thus generating a decrease in the cellular capacity to synthesize deoxyribonucleic acid, which causes hematological alterations in all cell lines of the marrow bone (erythrocytes and platelets), mainly causing the generation of large red blood cells with low hemoglobin concentration. Vitamins B9 and B12 participate in the normal synthesis of nucleic acids, being directly involved in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, as well as cell maturation. The deficiency of these vitamins has an effect on the central nervous system functioning.

Imerslund-Gräsbeck Syndrome: Clinical Case

Introduction: Imerslund-Gräsbeck syndrome (IGS) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by decreased vitamin B12, megaloblastic anemia, and proteinuria. Clinical case: A 58-year-old woman with four episodes of generalized tonic movements whose paraclinical findings showed cyanocobalamin deficiency. The presence of gait disturbances and constitutional syndrome was reported upon questioning, which required further investigation. The extension tests confirmed type 1 IGS, so it was decided to continue the cyanocobalamin management and nutrition evaluation, with which an adequate evolution was achieved. The patient was eventually discharged. Conclusion: This pathology is low prevalence and mainly affects the first decade of life. It prefers the female sex and is characterized by a decrease in vitamin B12, which can predispose to other disorders such as ataxia and growth retardation.

Introducción: el síndrome de Imerslund-Gräsbeck es un trastorno congénito infrecuente caracterizado por disminución de la vitamina B12, anemia megaloblástica y proteinuria. Caso clínico: mujer de 58 años de edad con cuatro episodios de movimientos tónicos generalizados cuyos paraclínicos mostraban deficiencia de cianocobalamina, por lo que en el interrogatorio se reportaba la presencia de alteraciones en la marcha y síndrome constitucional que requería ampliar los estudios. Los exámenes de extensión confirmaron el síndrome de Imerslund-Gräsbeck tipo 1, de modo que se decidió continuar el manejo con cianocobalamina y valoración con nutrición, con lo que se obtuvo una adecuada evolución y se decidió dar egreso a la paciente. Conclusión: esta patología tiene una baja prevalencia y afecta principalmente a la primera década de la vida, tiene predilección por el sexo femenino y se caracteriza por una disminución de la vitamina B12, que puede predisponer a otras alteraciones como ataxia y retraso en el crecimiento.

Hemorrhagic Cerebrovascular Disease: An Unusual Presentation of Hyperhomocysteinemia / Accidente cerebrovascular hemorrágico: una inusual presentación de hiperhomocisteinemia / Acidente vascular cerebral hemorrágico: uma apresentação incomum da hiper-homocisteinemia

Introduction: Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with hemorrhagic stroke being the deadliest form of acute stroke. Therefore, the cause of the event should be determined to direct the associated therapy and take preventive measures. Hyperhomocysteinemia has been described as a rare etiology of stroke. Although hyperhomocysteinemia has been associated with venous thrombotic events, altered endothelial function, and procoagulant states, its clinical role in stroke remains controversial. Case description: We present a case of a 60-year-old male patient with primary autoimmune hypothyroidism who presented with dysarthria, facial paresis, and left upper-limb monoparesis after sexual intercourse. A simple skull computed tomography scan showed hyperintensity in the right basal ganglion, indicating an acute hemorrhagic event. Etiological studies were performed, including ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, cerebral angiography, and transthoracic echocardiogram, which ruled out underlying vascular pathology. During follow-up, vitamin B12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia were detected, without other blood biochemical profile alterations. Supplementation was initiated, and homocysteine levels gradually decreased, without new neurological deficits observed during follow-up. Conclusion: Quantification of homocysteine should be considered in patients with a cerebrovascular disease without apparent cause, as documenting hyperhomocysteinemia and correcting its underlying etiology are essential not only for providing appropriate management but also for preventing future events.

Introducción: el accidente cerebrovascular es una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad en todo el mundo, y el accidente cerebrovascular hemorrágico es la forma más mortífera de accidente cerebro- vascular agudo. La determinación de la causa del evento es esencial para dirigir la terapia asociada y poder tomar medidas preventivas. La hiperhomocisteinemia se ha descrito como una etiología poco frecuente de accidente cerebrovascular. Aunque esta se ha asociado con eventos trombóticos venosos, disfunción endotelial alterada y estados procoagulantes, sigue siendo controvertido su papel clínico en el accidente cerebrovascular. Descripción del caso: se presenta el caso de un hombre de 60 años con hipotiroidismo autoinmune primario que presentó disartria, paresia facial y monoparesia del miembro superior izquierdo después de un encuentro sexual. Una simple tomografía computarizada de cráneo mostró hipointensidad en la región del ganglio basal derecho, que indicaba un evento hemorrágico agudo. Se realizaron estudios etiológicos, incluyendo monitorización ambulatoria de la presión arterial, angiografía cerebral y ecocardiograma transtorácico, que descartaron patología vascular subyacente. Durante el seguimiento, se detectó deficiencia de vitamina B12 e hiperhomocisteinemia, sin otras alteraciones en el perfil bioquímico sanguíneo. Se inició la suplementación y los niveles de homocisteína disminuyeron gradualmente, sin observar nuevos déficits neurológicos durante el seguimiento. Conclusión: la cuantificación de homocisteína debe ser considerada en casos de enfermedad cerebrovascular sin causa aparente, dado que documentar la hiperhomocisteinemia y corregir su etiología subyacente es esencial no solo para proporcionar un manejo adecuado, sino también para prevenir eventos futuros.

Introdução: o acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) é uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo, sendo o AVC hemorrágico a forma mais letal de AVC agudo. A determinação da causa do evento é essencial para direcionar a terapia associada e poder tomar medidas preventivas. A hiperhomocisteinemia tem sido descrita como uma etiologia rara de acidente vascular cerebral. Embora a hiper-homocisteinemia tenha sido associada a eventos trombóticos venosos, disfunção endotelial alterada e estados pró-coagulantes, seu papel clínico no AVC permanece controverso. Descrição do caso: apresentamos o caso de um homem de 60 anos com hipotireoidismo autoimune primário que apresentou disartria, paresia facial e monoparesia do membro superior esquerdo após relação sexual. A tomografia computadorizada de crânio mostrou hipointensidade na região do gânglio da base direito, indicando evento hemorrágico agudo. Foram realizados estudos etiológicos, incluindo monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial, angiografia cerebral e ecocardiograma transtorácico, que descartaram patologia vascular subjacente. Durante o acompanhamento, foram detectados deficiência de vitamina B12 e hiper-homocistei- nemia, sem outras alterações no perfil bioquímico sanguíneo. A suplementação foi iniciada e os níveis de homocisteína diminuíram gradualmente, sem novos déficits neurológicos observados durante o acompanhamento. Conclusão: a quantificação da homocisteína deve ser considerada em casos de doença vascular cerebral sem causa aparente, pois documentar a hiper-homocisteinemia e corrigir sua etiologia subjacente é essencial não apenas para fornecer manejo adequado, mas também para prevenir eventos futuros.

Degeneración combinada subaguda

Introducción: La degeneración combinada subaguda (DCS) es un trastorno caracterizado por la degeneración difusa de la sustancia blanca a nivel del SNC, que afecta específicamente los cordones posteriores y laterales de la médula espinal, con pérdida de la mielinización periférica y central. De manera frecuente, las manifestaciones clínicas son parestesias y debilidad generalizada causada por deficiencia de vitamina B12. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de 79 años, con cuadro clínico de 3 meses de evolución de limitación funcional para la marcha acompañado de desorientación. Al examen físico evidenció desorientación, cuadriparesia e hiporreflexia, con niveles séricos bajos de vitamina B12, RM cervical con focos hiperintensos en el segmento C3/C6 y endoscopia de vías digestivas altas con atrofia de la mucosa gástrica. Presentamos un caso clínico de DCS. Discusión: Este es un caso de DCS que se manifiesta por medio de una alteración neuropsiquiátrica, con una presentación inicial inespecífica que comprende deterioro de la marcha, movimientos anormales con afectación cognitiva y psiquiátrica dada por alucinaciones visuales y desorientación. Su sospecha es importante en pacientes con factores de riesgo por medio del conocimiento de la patología, para una adecuada sospecha diagnóstica y una instauración oportuna de reposición vitamínica, la cual presenta una excelente respuesta. Conclusión: La DCS es un trastorno en el que se evidencia anemia con deficiencia de vitamina B12, des-mielinización del tejido nervioso y en muchos casos signos sugestivos de atrofia gástrica, y para ello es crucial la detección temprana de esta enfermedad por medio de la determinación de niveles séricos de vitamina B12, asociado a síntomas neurológicos, para así lograr su adecuado diagnóstico y tratamiento.

Introduction: Subacute combined degeneration (DCS) is a disorder characterized by diffuse degeneration of white matter at the CNS level, specifically affecting the posterior and lateral cords of the spinal cord, also with loss of peripheral and central myelination, frequently the clinical manifestations are paresthesias and generalized weakness caused by vitamin B12 deficiency. Case presentation: A 79-year-old male patient with a 3-month history of functional limitation for walking accompanied by disorientation. On physical examination, he revealed disorientation, quadriparesis, and hyporeflexia, with low serum levels of vitamin B12, cervical MRI with hyperintense foci in segment C3/C6, and upper digestive tract endoscopy with atrophy of the gastric mucosa. We present a clinical case of DCS. Discussion: This is a case of DCS that manifests itself through neuropsychiatric alteration with a nonspecific initial presentation with gait impairment, abnormal movements with cognitive and psychiatric affectation given by visual hallucinations and disorientation. Its suspicion is important in patients with risk factors. risk through knowledge of the pathology for an adequate diagnostic suspicion and a timely establishment of vitamin replacement for which it presents an excellent response. Conclusion: DCS is a disorder where anemia with vitamin B12 deficiency, demyelination of the nervous tissue and in many cases signs suggestive of gastric atrophy are evident, for which early detection of this disease is crucial through the determination of serum levels of vitamin B12 associated with neurological symptoms, in order to achieve its proper diagnosis and treatment.

Flow cytometry-detected changes in megaloblastic anemia secondary to cobalamin deficiency

Introduction: Megaloblastic anemias secondary to Vitamin B12 deficiency are a group of pathologies produced by defective nuclear DNA synthesis. Objective: To describe the maturation alterations found in hematopoietic precursors of the bone marrow in a series of patients with megaloblastic anemia. Methods: Were included patients attended at the Regional Hospital of Concepción with bone marrow samples sent for the study of cytopenia by flow cytometry whose final diagnosis was megaloblastic anemia. The immunophenotype was performed with CD45, CD34, CD117, HLA-DR, markers of neutrophil (CD13, CD11b, CD10, CD16) and/or erythroblast (CD105, CD71, CD36) maturation. Results: From the flow cytometry laboratory database, 8 patients with megaloblastic anemia were identified, and myelodysplastic syndromes (n=9) and normal or reactive bone marrow (n=10) were used as controls. 44% were men, with a median age of 58 years. Megaloblastic anemia was associated with a higher proportion of size and complexity of erythroid and myeloid progenitors compared to lymphocytes compared to controls. The total percentage of erythroblasts and the proportion of CD34+ myeloid cells associated with erythroid lineage was higher in megaloblastic anemia, associated with a maturation arrest in the CD105+ precursor stage (69% vs 19% and 23%, p<0.001). The heterogeneity of CD36 and CD71 in megaloblastic anemia was similar to myelodysplastic syndromes. Conclusions: Megaloblastic anemia produces a heterogeneous involvement of hematopoiesis, characterized by a greater size and cellular complexity of precursors of the neutrophil and erythroid series and a maturation arrest of the erythroblasts.

Introducción: Anemias megaloblásticas secundarias a la deficiencia de vitamina B12 son patologías producidas por una síntesis defectuosa del ADN nuclear. Objetivo: Describir las alteraciones madurativas encontradas en precursores hematopoyéticos de la médula ósea de una serie de pacientes con anemia megaloblástica. Métodos: Se incluyeron pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Regional de Concepción con muestras de médula ósea enviadas para estudio de citopenias por citometría de flujo cuyo diagnóstico fue anemia megaloblástica. El inmunofenotipo se realizó con CD45, CD34, CD117, HLA-DR, marcadores de maduración de serie de neutrófilo (CD13, CD11b, CD10, CD16) y/o eritroblasto (CD105, CD71, CD36). Resultados: Se identificaron 8 pacientes con anemia megaloblástica y como controles se utilizaron síndromes mielodisplásicos (n=9) y médula ósea normal o reactiva (n=10). El 44% eran hombres, con una mediana de edad de 58 años. La anemia megaloblástica se asoció con una mayor proporción de tamaño y complejidad de progenitores eritroides y mieloides con respecto de los linfocitos en comparación a los controles. El porcentaje total de eritroblastos y la proporción de células mieloides CD34+ comprometidas con el linaje eritroide fue mayor en anemia megaloblástica, asociado a una parada madurativa en la etapa de precursor CD105+ (69% vs 19% y 23%, p <0.001). La heterogeneidad de CD36 y CD71 en anemia megaloblástica fue similar a los síndromes mielodisplásicos. Conclusiones: la anemia megaloblástica produce una afectación heterogénea de la hematopoyesis, caracterizada por un mayor tamaño y complejidad celulares de precursores de la serie neutrófilo y eritroide y una detención madurativa de los eritroblastos.

Relationship between vitamin B12 levels and insulin resistance in postmenopausal women from Colombia Caribbean / Relação entre níveis de vitamina B12 e resistência à insulina em mulheres na pós-menopausa da Colômbia Caribe

Introduction: The high prevalence of low vitamin B12 serum levels has been recognized as a public health problem in Latin America; however, the current magnitude of this deficiency in Colombia is uncertain. Low levels of vitamin B12 can induce clinical and subclinical hematological and neurological disorders. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a relationship between vitamin B12 deficiency and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, the role of vitamin B12 in insulin resistance has been poorly studied. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between vitamin B12 serum levels and biochemical and anthropometric markers related to CVDs and insulin resistance in postmenopausal women from Colombia Caribbean. Methods: Correlational, descriptive study. By convenience sampling, 182 postmenopausal women from the medical consultation service of a health institution were linked. Serum vitamin B12 levels, anthropometric variables (body mass index, abdominal perimeter), and biochemical variables (glycemia, insulin, lipid profile, HOMA IR) were evaluated. Results: The average value of the vitamin B12 serum level was 312.5 ± 122.5 pg/mL (230.6 ± 90.4 pmol/L); 46.7% of the women had less than adequate levels of 300 pg/mL (> 221 pmol/L), and 9. 9% were deficient, with levels of less than 200 pg/mL (148 pmol/L). The women with metabolic syndrome were 63.7%, and according to HOMA IR, 52.7 % had insulin resistance. A significant inverse relationship was shown between serum vitamin B12 levels with basal glycemic (P =0.002) and HOMA-IR (P =0.040). Conclusions: A significant inverse relationship between vitamin B12 levels and basal glycemia and HOMA-IR was observed. These findings highlight vitamin B12 deficiency in postmenopausal women and suggest nutritional supplementation.Keywords: Vitamin B12, Insulin resistance, Diet, Postmenopause, Cardiovascular diseases (AU).

Introdução: A alta prevalência de baixos níveis séricos de vitamina B12 foi reconhecida como um problema de saúde pública na América Latina, mas a magnitude atual dessa deficiência na Colômbia é incerta. Baixos níveis de vitamina B12 podem induzir distúrbios hematológicos e neurológicos clínicos e subclínicos. Na verdade, estudos epidemiológicos demonstram uma relação entre deficiência de vitamina B12 e doenças cardiovasculares (DCVs). No entanto, o papel da vitamina B12 na resistência à insulina tem sido pouco estudado. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação entre os níveis séricos de vitamina B12 e marcadores bioquímicos e antropométricos relacionados com doenças cardiovasculares e resistência à insulina em mulheres pós-menopáusicas da Colômbia Caribe. Métodos: Estudo correlacional, descritivo. Por amostragem de conveniência, foram vinculadas 182 mulheres na pós-menopausa do serviço de consulta médica de uma instituição de saúde. Níveis séricos de vitamina B12, variáveis antropométricas (índice de massa corporal, perímetro abdominal) e variáveis bioquímicas (glicemia, insulina, perfil lipídico, HOMA IR) foram avaliadas. Resultados: O valor médio do nível sérico de vitamina B12 foi de 312,5 ± 122,5 pg/mL (230,6 ± 90,4 pmol/L); 46,7% das mulheres tinham níveis abaixo do adequado de 300 pg/mL (> 221 pmol/L), e 9,9% eram deficientes, com níveis abaixo de 200 pg/mL (148 pmol/L).As mulheres com síndrome metabólica foram 63,7% e, segundo o HOMA IR, 52,7% apresentavam resistência à insulina. Uma relação inversa significativa entre os níveis séricos de vitamina B12 com glicemia basal (P = 0,002) e HOMA-IR (P = 0,040) foi mostrada. Conclusões: Foi observada uma relação inversa significativa entre os níveis de vitamina B12 e glicemia basal e HOMA-IR. Esses achados destacam a deficiência de vitamina B12 em mulheres na pós-menopausa e sugerem suplementação nutricional (AU).

Asociación entre los niveles de vitamina B12 y el deterioro cognitivo en personas mayores / Association between vitamin B12 levels and cognitive impairment in older adults

Resumen Introducción: Aún es controversial si la deficiencia de vitamina B12 se asocia a alteraciones cognitivas. Objetivo: Conocer la asociación entre los niveles séricos de vitamina B12 y el desempeño cognitivo. Métodos: Se incluyeron 241 personas ≥ 60 años con medición de niveles séricos de vitamina B12. Se realizó evaluación física y cognitiva y se formaron tres grupos: cognición normal (CN), deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL) y demencia. Los niveles de vitamina B12 se clasificaron en suficiencia (> 400 pg/mL), deficiencia subclínica (201-400 pg/mL) y deficiencia absoluta (≤ 200 pg/mL). Se realizó análisis de regresión lineal multivariado para evaluar la asociación entre función cognitiva y niveles de vitamina B12 después de controlar las variables confusoras. Resultados: La media de edad fue 81.4 ± 8.0 años; 68 % fue del sexo femenino; 17.8 y 39.8 % presentaron deficiencia absoluta y subclínica de vitamina B12; 80 individuos (33 %) cumplieron los criterios de DCL y 70 (29 %), de demencia. Después de ajustar por edad, sexo y escolaridad, los sujetos con DCL y demencia tuvieron niveles más bajos de vitamina B12 comparados con aquellos con CN (p = 0.019). Conclusiones: Se observó asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el desempeño cognitivo global y los niveles bajos de vitamina B12.

Abstract Introduction: Whether vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with cognitive impairment remains controversial. Objective: To determine the association between vitamin B12 serum levels and cognitive performance. Methods: Two-hundred and forty-one adults aged ≥ 60 years who had serum vitamin B12 serum levels measurement were included. Physical and cognitive evaluation was carried out, and three groups were formed: normal cognition (NC), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Vitamin B12 levels were classified as sufficiency (> 400 pg/mL), subclinical deficiency (201-400 pg/mL), and absolute deficiency (≤ 200 pg/mL). Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between cognitive function and vitamin B12 levels after controlling for confounding variables. Results: Mean age was 81.4 ± 8.0 years; 68% were females; 17.8 % and 39.8% had absolute and subclinical vitamin B12 deficiency, respectively; 80 individuals (33%) met the criteria for MCI, and 70 (29%), for dementia. Those with MCI and dementia had lower vitamin B12 levels in comparison with those with NC after adjusting for age, gender and educational level (p = 0.019). Conclusions: A statistically significant association was observed between global cognitive performance and levels of vitamin B12.

Trastornos adquiridos y congénitos de la deficiencia de vitamina B12 en niños / Acquired and inherited disorders of vitamin B12 deficiency in children

Vitamin B12 is an essential micronutrient for cell growth and the development of the central nervous system. Its deficiency can manifest clinically as megaloblastic anemia, peripheral neuropathy, myelopathy and neuropsychiatric disorders. Early detection and treatment are essential as it can cause irreversible neurological sequelae. Diagnosis is often challenging as it is based on clinical and biochemical features. Clinically, the symptoms are nonspecific and equivocal. Biochemically, there is no gold standard to detect Cobalamin deficiency. The available biomarkers do not have a defined cut-off value or are not sensitive or specific enough. This article exposes the different causes of vitamin B12 deficiency, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of biochemical markers and, for the first time, proposes an algorithmic diagnosis using biomarkers and therapeutic tests. The ultimate goal is to alert pediatricians to the difficulties of diagnosing vitamin B12 deficiency and strategies are proposed to differentiate between acquired and congenital cobalamin conditions. Finally, the treatment according to the etiology is described in a practical manner, as well as the expected time for improvement of the biochemical parameters.

La vitamina B12 es un micronutriente fundamental para el crecimiento celular y el desarrollo del sistema nervioso central. Su deficiencia puede manifestarse clínicamente como anemia megaloblástica, neuropatía periférica, mielopatía y trastornos neuropsiquiátricos. La detección y el tratamiento tempranos son esenciales, ya que esta deficiencia puede generar secuelas neurológicas irreversibles. El diagnóstico suele ser un desafío, ya que se basa en pilares clínicos y bioquímicos. Clínicamente, los síntomas son inespecíficos y equívocos. Bioquímicamente no existe un gold standard para diagnosticar la deficiencia de cobalamina. Los biomarcadores existentes no presentan un valor de corte definido o no son lo suficientemente sensibles o específicos. Este trabajo expone las diferentes causas de deficiencia de vitamina B12, analiza las ventajas y desventajas de los marcadores bioquímicos y por primera vez se plantea un algoritmo diagnóstico mediante biomarcadores y pruebas terapéuticas. El objetivo último es alertar a los pediatras acerca las dificultades que representa el diagnóstico de deficiencia de vitamina B12 y se proponen estrategias para diferenciar cuadros adquiridos versus congénitos de la deficiencia de cobalamina. Por último, se describe de manera práctica el tratamiento según la etiología así como el tiempo esperado para la mejoría de los parámetros bioquímicos.

The Role of Thyroid Hormones, Vitamins, and Microelements in Female Infertility / O papel dos hormônios da tiroide, das vitaminas e dos microelementos na fertilidade feminina

Abstract Objective It is well known that female infertility is multifactorial. Therefore, we aimed to compare the effects of thyroid dysfunction, vitamin deficiency, and microelement deficiency in fertile and infertile patients. Materials and Methods Between May 1st, 2017, and April 1st, 2019, we conducted a retrospective case-control study with of 380 infertile and 346 pregnant patients (who normally fertile and able to conceive spontaneously). The fertile patients were selected among those who got pregnant spontaneously without treatment, had a term birth, and did not have systemic or obstetric diseases. The levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO), vitamin D, vitamin B12, folic acid, ferritin, and zinc of both groups were compared. Results There was no difference between patients in the infertile and pregnant groups in terms of low normal and high serum T3 and T4 levels (p = 0.938; p > 0.05) respectively, nor in terms of normal and high anti-TPO levels (p = 0.182; p > 0.05) respectively. There was no significant difference regarding patients with low, insufficient, and sufficient vitamin D levels in the infertile and pregnant groups (p = 0.160; p >0.05) respectively. The levels of folic acid, ferritin, and zinc of the infertile group were significantly lower than those of the pregnant group. Conclusion The serum levels of folic acid, ferritin, and zinc in infertile patients presenting to our outpatient clinic were lower than those o the fertile patients.

Resumo Objetivo Sabe-se que a infertilidade feminina é multifatorial. Portanto, nosso objetivo foi comparar os efeitos da disfunção tireoidiana, deficiência de vitaminas e deficiência de microelementos em pacientes férteis e inférteis. Materiais e Métodos Entre 1° de maio de 2017 e 1° de abril de 2019, realizamos um estudo retrospectivo caso-controle com 380 pacientes inférteis e 346 grávidas (normalmente férteis e capazes de conceber espontaneamente). As pacientes férteis foram selecionadas entre aquelas que engravidaram espontaneamente sem tratamento, tiveram parto a termo e não apresentavam doenças sistêmicas ou obstétricas. Os níveis de hormônio estimulante da tireoide (TSH), triiodotironina (T3), tiroxina (T4), antitireoide peroxidase (anti-TPO), vitamina D, vitamina B12, ácido fólico, ferritina e zinco de ambos os grupos foram comparados. Resultados Não houve diferença entre as pacientes dos grupos inférteis e gestantes em relação aos níveis altos de sérumT3 e T4 normais baixos e altos (p = 0,938; p > 0,05), respectivamente nem aos níveis normais e altos de anti-TPO (p = 0,182; p > 0,05), respectivamente. Não houve diferença significativa em relação aos pacientes com níveis baixos, insuficientes e suficientes de vitamina D nos grupos inférteis e gestantes (p = 0,160; p > 0,05), respectivamente. Os níveis de ácido fólico, ferritina e zinco do grupo infértil foram significativamente menores do que os do grupo grávida. Conclusão Os níveis de sérum de ácido fólico, ferritina e zinco nas pacientes inférteis atendidas em nosso ambulatório foram menores do que nas pacientes férteis.

Características clínicas predictoras de déficit de vitamina B12 de diabetes mellitus 2 tratada con metformina / Clinical characteristics of vitamin B12 deficiency predictors in metformin-treated type-2 diabetes mellitus

ntroducción: el consumo de metformina se asocia con déficit de vitamina B12. Objetivo: identificar las características clínicas predictoras del déficit en mayores de 18 años con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) tratados con metformina. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal analítico en 100 pacientes entre 50 y 85 años con DM2 tratados con metformina por más de 3 meses, con registro de niveles de vitamina B12 en la historia clínica, atendidos en un programa de diabetes de medicina familiar en Bogotá DC, Colombia. Resultados: la media de duración de la enfermedad fue 9.6 años, el uso de metformina varió entre 1 y 5 años (32%), la dosis más utilizada estuvo entre 1001 y 2000 mg (65%), polifarmacia en 45% y la prevalencia del déficit en 27%. En el modelo de regresión logística se encontró que el tiempo de uso se comporta como factor predictor de déficit de vitamina B12 (OR=0,01 IC95% 0,01-0,03) (p<0,05), la polifarmacia (OR=1.21 IC95% -0,06-2,5) y la duración de la diabetes (OR=1.14 IC95% 0,99-1,32) emergen como factores predictores, pero sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa.Conclusión: el tiempo de uso de metformina es una característica clínica que puede ser predictora del déficit de vitamina B12, la prevalencia del déficit en nuestro estudio fue alta, consideramos recomendable realizar una búsqueda activa en la práctica clínica

ntroduction: the metformin use is related to vitamin B12 deficiency. Objective: to identify the clinical characteristics that predict B12 deficiency in metformin-treated type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, aged 18 years or older. Materials and methods: analytical cross-sectional study including 100 T2DM patients aged between 50 and 85 years, on metformin for more than 3 months, with vitamin B12 levels recorded in their clinical record, seen in a family medicine diabetes program in Bogotá DC, Colombia. Results: the median duration of the disease was 9.6 years, metformin use ranged between 1 and 5 years (32%), the most commonly used dose ranged between 1001 and 2000 mg (65%), polypharmacy was evidenced in 45% and B12 deficiency prevalence was 27%. The logistic regression analysis showed that time of metformin use behaved as a predictor of vitamin B12 deficiency (OR=0.01 CI95% 0.01-0.03) (p<0.05). Polypharmacy (OR=1.21 CI95% -0.06-2.5) and diabetes duration (OR=1.14 CI95% 0.99-1.32) emerged as predictor factors, but with no statistically significant difference. Conclusion:duration of metformin use is a clinical variable that can be a predictor of vitamin B12 deficiency. Prevalence of B12 deficiency was high in our study. We recommend an active search of this deficiency in clinical practice

Polineuropatia diabética assintomática induzida pelo uso crônico de metformina e correlação com vitamina B12 / Asymptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy induced by chronic metformin use and correlation with vitamin B12

Introdução: Diabetes Mellitus é doença metabólica, caracterizada pela deficiência absoluta ou relativa de insulina, que acomete cerca de 382 milhões de pessoas em todo mundo, tendo uma das complicações mais comuns a polineuropatia. A Metformina, medicamento amplamente utilizado como tratamento do Diabetes, foi descrita como responsável, em algumas literaturas, por causar ou agravar deficiência de vitamina B12, que está similarmente relacionada ao desenvolvimento de polineuropatia.Métodos: Nesse sentido, foi conduzido um estudo no município de Soledade ­ RS, com objetivo de verificar se essa relação é condizente com a realidade da localidade. Foram escolhidos 58 pacientes, dos quais 30 responderam questionários adaptados baseados na literatura e na Classificação de Neuropatia de Michigan (MNSS-Brasil), então colhidos 5 ml de sangue venoso da fossa antecubital, preparado soro do qual uma alíquota foi separada para determinação bioquímica da vitamina B12.Resultados: Analisando os resultados, a maioria dos pacientes analisados apresentou sintomas de polineuropatia, e 10% deste, deficiência vitamínica.Conclusão: nenhuma variável explicou a correlação do uso crônico da Metformina, dose e gênero com a deficiência da vitamina B12, o que indica que não há evidências fortes o suficiente que sustentem esse fato, de acordo com as particularidades da localidade analisada.

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disease, characterized by absolute or relative insulin deficiency, which affects about 382 million people, with polyneuropathy being one of the most common complications. Metformin, a drug widely used as a treatment for diabetes, has been described as responsible, in some literature, for causing or aggravating vitamin B12 deficiency, which is similarly related to the development of polyneuropathy.Methods: In this sense, a study was conducted in Soledade ­ RS, in order to verify whether this relationship is consistent with the reality of the locality. Fifty-eight patients were selected, of which 30 answered adapted questionnaires based on the literature and on the Michigan Neuropathy Classification (MNSS-Brazil), then 5 ml of venous blood was collected from the antecubital fossa, serum prepared from which an aliquot was separated for biochemical determination of the vitamin B12.Results: Analyzing the results, most of these patients presented symptoms of polyneuropathy and, 10% of them, vitamin deficiency.Conclusion: no variable explained the correlation of chronic use of Metformin, dose and gender with vitamin B12 deficiency, which indicates that there is not enough evidence to support this fact, according to the particularities of the analyzed locality.

Diferentes formas de presentación de la anemia megaloblástica en el lactante / Different forms of presentation of megaloblastic anemia in the infant

Introducción: La anemia megalobástica es un trastorno madurativo de los precursores eritroides y mieloides causado por déficit de vitamina B12, ácido fólico, o ambos. Es poco común en la infancia y su prevalencia se desconoce por ser una enfermedad poco frecuente. Objetivo: Describir diferentes formas de presentación de la anemia megaloblástica en el lactante. Presentación de casos: Se presentan dos casos de lactantes, en el caso 1 la madre tuvo una alimentación precaria durante el embarazo y la lactancia, prolongó la lactancia materna exclusiva más de 6 meses. La paciente comenzó a perder las habilidades ganadas en el desarrollo psicomotor y presentó trastornos neurológicos graves, por lo que se consideró que se trataba de una enfermedad progresiva del sistema nervioso central. En el caso 2, en el que se prolongó la lactancia materna exclusiva, apareció trombocitopenia, por lo que se sospechó una enfermedad hematológica maligna. Resultados: En ambos casos después de realizar diversas pruebas para descartar enfermedades neurológicas (caso 1) y enfermedades hematológicas (caso 2) se diagnosticó anemia megaloblástica por déficit de vitamina B12 por disminución en la ingesta y una reserva limítrofe en la madre que lacta. En ambos casos los síntomas desaparecieron con el tratamiento vitamínico sustitutivo. Conclusiones: En el lactante la anemia megaloblástica se puede presentar de diferentes formas clínicas a pesar de tener la misma causa, un déficit en la ingesta y una reserva escasa de la madre durante el embarazo y lactancia(AU)

Introduction: Megaloblastic anemia is a maturing disorder of the erythroid and myeloid precursors caused by deficiency of vitamin B12, folic acid, or both. It is uncommon in childhood and its prevalence is unknown because it is a rare disease. Objective: To describe different forms of presentation of megaloblastic anemia in infants. Presentation of cases: Two cases of infants are presented, in case 1 the mother had a precarious diet during pregnancy and lactation, and prolonged exclusive breastfeeding more than 6 months. The patient began to lose the skills gained in psychomotor development and presented severe neurological disorders, so it was considered that it was a progressive disease of the central nervous system. In case 2, in which exclusive breastfeeding was prolonged, thrombocytopenia appeared, so a malignant hematological disease was suspected. Results: In both cases, after performing various tests to rule out neurological diseases (case 1) and hematological diseases (case 2), megaloblastic anemia was diagnosed due to vitamin B12 deficiency due to a decrease in intake and a borderline reserve in the breastfeeding mother. In both cases the symptoms disappeared with vitamin replacement therapy. Conclusions: In the infant, megaloblastic anemia can occur in different clinical ways despite having the same cause, a deficit in intake and a low reserve of the mother during pregnancy and lactation(AU)

Síndrome de Imerslund-Gränsbeck: revisión sistemática de casos clínicos / Imerslund-Gränsbeck Syndrome: systematic review of clinical cases

Resumen Introducción: el Síndrome de Imerslund-Gränsbeck es un trastorno congénito inusual que cursa con disminución de la Vitamina B12, anemia megaloblástica y proteinuria sin afección renal que cual se produce por una mutación de los cromosomas 10 y 14, que condicionan un defecto en el receptor del complejo vitamina B12-factor intrínseco del enterocito ileal. Fue descrita por Olga Imerslund y Armas Gransbeck. Objetivo: caracterizar a la población que ha padecido el Síndrome de Imerslund-Gränsbeck. Metodología: revisión sistemática de la literatura de casos clínicos. Resultados: se incluyeron 68 casos, en la mayoría de los casos el diagnostico en los primeros 10 años de vida, en el que se evidenció una mayor frecuencia en mujeres, y se encontró asociado con antecedentes familiares como consanguinidad entre padres (14,6%). La manifestación más frecuente fue palidez (20,9%), seguido de vomito (10,5%) y anorexia (9,8%). La anemia megaloblástica (66,2%) fue el hallazgo más frecuente y el tratamiento se dio con cianocobalamina (intramuscular u oral) para regular las concentraciones plasmáticas de esta vitamina. Conclusión: el Síndrome de Imerslund Gränsbeck tiene una baja prevalencia y se presenta con mayor frecuencia en el continente europeo, tiene predilección por el sexo femenino y se caracteriza por una disminución de la vitamina B12 que pueden que puede predisponer a otras alteraciones como ataxia y retraso en el crecimiento.

Abstract Introduction: Imerslund-Gränsbeck Syndrome is an unusual congenital disorder that causes a decrease in vitamin B12, megaloblastic anemia and proteinuria without kidney involvement that is caused by a mutation of chromosomes 10 and 14, which determine a defect in the complex receptor vitamin B12-ileal enterocyte intrinsic factor. It was described by Olga Imerslund and Armas Gransbeck. Objective: to characterize the population that has suffered from Imerslund Gränsbeck syndrome. Methodology: systematic review of the clinical case literature. Results: 68 cases were included, in most cases the diagnosis in the first 10 years of life, in which a higher frequency was found in women, and was found to be associated with family history such as consanguinity between parents (14.6%). The most frequent manifestation was paleness (20.9%), followed by vomiting (10.5%) and anorexia (9.8%). Megaloblastic anemia (66.2%) was the most frequent finding and treatment was given with cyanocobalamin (intramuscular or oral) to regulate plasma concentrations of this vitamin. Conclusion: Imerslund-Gränsbeck Syndrome has a low prevalence and occurs more frequently in the European continent, has a predilection for females and is characterized by a decrease in vitamin B12 that may predispose to other disorders such as ataxia and retardation in growth.

La asociación del déficit de vitamina B12 y metformina / The association of vitamin B12 deficiency and metformin

La metformina es el agente antidiabético oral más utilizado para el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) y se ha descrito la asociación de su uso con el déficit de vitamina B12. Se realizó una revisión narrativa de estudios para conocer la evidencia de dicha asociación, y las recomendaciones para su pesquisa, prevención y tratamiento. La prevalencia informada del déficit de vitamina B12 en los pacientes tratados con metformina osciló entre el 5,8% y el 52% en las diferentes series. Los pacientes de mayor edad, aquellos que reciben metformina a altas dosis y por más tiempo, y los que no consumen alimentos de origen animal, son quienes presentan mayor riesgo de padecer este déficit. Se recomienda la determinación de vitamina B12 cada año en pacientes con DM2 tratados con metformina y la eventual reposición en caso de déficit. Si bien existe consenso sobre el tratamiento del déficit, aún falta evidencia que permita realizar la recomendación sobre el tratamiento preventivo.

Metformin is the most widely used oral antidiabetic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the association of the use of this drug with vitamin B12 deficiency has been described. A review of studies was carried out to find out the evidence of this association and the recommendations for its detection, prevention and treatment. The reported prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients treated with metformin ranged from 5.8% to 52% in the different series. Older patients, those who received metformin at high doses and for a longer time, and those who do not consume food of animal origin, are those who are at greater risk of suffering from this deficit. The determination of vitamin B12 every 1 year is recommended in patients with T2D treated with metformin, and the eventual replacement in case of deficiency. Although there is consensus on the treatment of the deficit, there is still a lack of evidence to make recommendations on a preventive treatment

A study on the correlation between pain frequency and severity and vitamin B12 levels in episodic and chronic migraine / Estudo da correlação entre frequência e gravidade da dor e níveis de vitamina B12 em enxaqueca episódica e crônica

ABSTRACT Background It is believed that vitamin B12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia cause endothelial cell damage by increasing the levels of free oxygen radicals, which may, in turn, be related to the onset of migraine episodes. Objective The objective of our study was to ascertain a correlation between vitamin B12 levels and migraine attack frequency and pain severity. Methods 127 patients with migraine and 45 healthy controls who presented to Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital were included in the study. The migraine attack frequency and the duration and severity of pain in migraineurs were recorded. Pain severity was evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Vitamin B12 levels below 300 ng/L were considered low. Results The vitamin B12 levels in migraineurs were found to be significantly lower than those in the control group (227.30 ± 104.72 ng/L vs 278.44 ± 149.83 ng/L; p = 0.047). The vitamin B12 levels of patients with chronic migraine (CM) were found to be lower than those in patients with less frequent migraine attacks (197.50 ± 69.16 ng/L vs 278.56 ± 147.91 ng/L; p = 0.019). The ratio of vitamin B12 levels of 300 ng/L and above in patients with CM was lower than that of patients with episodic migraine (p < 0.05). Conclusions Along with attack frequency and pain severity assessment, it is important that migraine follow-ups should include regular measurement of vitamin B12 levels. We found lower vitamin B12 values in the CM group.

RESUMO Antecedentes Acredita-se que a deficiência de vitamina B12 e a hiper-homocisteinemia causem danos às células endoteliais pelo aumento dos níveis de radicais livres de oxigênio, o que pode, por sua vez, estar relacionado ao aparecimento de episódios de enxaqueca. Objetivo O objetivo do nosso estudo foi verificar a correlação entre os níveis de vitamina B12 e a frequência e a gravidade da dor nas crises de enxaqueca. Métodos 127 pacientes com enxaqueca e 45 controles saudáveis ​​que se apresentaram ao Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital foram incluídos no estudo. A frequência das crises de enxaqueca, bem como a duração e a gravidade da dor nos pacientes foram registradas. A gravidade da dor foi avaliada usando-se uma escala visual analógica (EVA). Níveis de vitamina B12 abaixo de 300 ng/L foram considerados baixos. Resultados Os níveis de vitamina B12 em pacientes com enxaqueca foram significativamente menores do que os do grupo controle (227,30 ± 104,72 ng/L vs 278,44 ± 149,83 ng/L; p = 0,047). Os níveis de vitamina B12 de pacientes com enxaqueca crônica (EC) foram menores do que aqueles em pacientes com crises de enxaqueca menos frequentes (197,50 ± 69,16 ng/L vs 278,56 ± 147,91 ng/L; p = 0,019). A proporção dos níveis de vitamina B12 de 300 ng/L e acima em pacientes com EC foi menor do que a de pacientes com enxaqueca episódica (p < 0,05). Conclusões Juntamente com a avaliação da frequência das crises e da gravidade da dor, é importante que o acompanhamento da enxaqueca inclua a medição regular dos níveis de vitamina B12, pois encontramos valores mais baixos de vitamina B12 no grupo EC.

Déficit de Vitamina B12 en consumo de Metformina e Inhibidores de Bomba de Protones / Vitamin B12 Deficiency in consumption of Metformin and Proton Pump Inhibitors

Resumen El espectro de enfermedades asociadas con la deficiencia de la vitamina B 12 es amplio y abarca desde la ausencia de síntomas hasta el síndrome de malabsorción, insuficiencia medular, o síntomas neurológicos acompañados de parestesias, mielopatía o neuropatía. Existe evidencia sugestiva que indica que el empleo de inhibidores de bomba de protones (IBP) a largo plazo puede disminuir los niveles séricos de vitamina B12. Igualmente, estudios previos han asociado el déficit de vitamina B 12 a consumo en dosis altas de metformina, sin embargo, el mecanismo por el cual se genera la descompensación no está claro. Se ha llegado a describir una asociación aditiva de la administración de inhibidores bomba de protones/ Antagonistas receptor Histamina - 2 y metformina, sugiriendo que promueven la malabsorción de Vitamina B 12. Ambas categorías de medicamentos son ampliamente utilizadas, y en muchos casos sin prescripción médica, y su uso no debería ser pasado por alto. Cuando están clínicamente indicados, su uso debería ser monitorizado debido a la posibilidad de malabsorción de vitamina B 12 y sus consecuencias. Por tanto, en este artículo se revisan aspectos generales sobre la vitamina B12 y el estado del arte sobre la deficiencia de vitamina B12 en pacientes con consumo de metformina o uso de inhibidor de bomba de protones.

Abstract The spectrum of diseases associated with vitamin B12 deficiency is broad, ranging from no symptoms to malabsorption syndrome, spinal cord injury, neurological symptoms accompanied by paresthesia, myelopathy, or neuropathy. There is suggestive evidence that long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) can lower serum levels of vitamin B12. Additionally, previous studies have associated vitamin B12 deficiency with high doses consumption of metformin; however, the mechanism in which this occurs is not clear. An additive association between the administration of proton pump inhibitors / Histamine H2 receptor antagonists, and metformin has been described, which suggest that these promote vitamin B12 malabsorption. Both categories of drugs are widely used, in many cases without a prescription, and its use should not be overlooked. When clinically indicated, their use should be monitored in view of the possibility of vitamin B12 malabsorption and its consequences. This article aims to review general aspects of vitamin B12 and delve into the state of the art regarding vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with metformin and / or proton pump inhibitor consumption.

Dietas vegetarianas en niños: conocimientos de pediatras de la Sociedad Uruguaya de Pediatría: encuesta 2020 / Vegetarian diet in children: pediatric knowledge from the Uruguayan Society of Pediatrics: 2020 survey / Dietas vegetarianas em crianças: conhecimento dos pediatras da Sociedade Uruguaia de Pediatria: inquérito 2020

Introducción: en los últimos años el incremento de vegetarianos es considerable. Se debe tener cautela al incorporar este tipo de dietas en la población pediátrica. No son contempladas en las actuales guías de nutrición nacionales, generando incertidumbre al realizar recomendaciones. Objetivo: describir los conocimientos sobre dietas vegetarianas en niños por parte de médicos pediatras, posgrados y residentes socios de la Sociedad Uruguaya de Pediatría en el período de junio-setiembre 2020. Determinar la necesidad de incorporar dietas vegetarianas a las guías uruguayas de nutrición pediátrica por parte de los encuestados. Material y método: estudio observacional descriptivo, tipo encuesta transversal, en el período entre junio y setiembre de 2020. Los criterios de inclusión fueron médicos residentes/posgrados en pediatría y pediatras de la Sociedad Uruguaya de Pediatría, de Montevideo y el interior del país. La fuente de datos fue una encuesta online anónima. El análisis de datos fueron frecuencias relativas y absolutas para variables cualitativas. Resultados: se enviaron 1.080 encuestas online, de las que se incluyeron 119. Sobre la autopercepción en el conocimiento de los encuestados, el 58,0% se calificó dentro del rango medio. Acerca del concepto de dieta ovolactovegetariana, 63,9% seleccionó la opción correcta. Más de 50,0% respondió correctamente acerca de conocimientos sobre nutrientes en la mayoría de los ítems. Iniciar estas dietas en la alimentación complementaria fue desaconsejado por el 58% de los socios. Un 79,8% pretende adquirir más conocimientos del tema. Conclusiones: más de la mitad de los profesionales tiene los conocimientos correctos acerca de la correcta planificación y suplementación de dietas vegetarianas en niños. Se destaca la necesidad de incluir dietas vegetarianas en las guías de alimentación pediátrica en territorio uruguayo.

Introduction: the number of vegetarian people has increased considerably in recent years. Caution is suggested when incorporating this type of diet to the pediatric population. This diet has not been contemplated in the current national nutritional guidelines, generating uncertainty among pediatricians when making recommendations. Objective: describe the knowledge Pediatric Physicians and graduate / resident members of the Uruguayan Society of Pediatrics have regarding vegetarian diets in children during the period June-September 2020. Determine the need of the participants of the survey to incorporate vegetarian diet information into the Uruguayan Pediatric Nutritional Guidelines. Materials and methods: descriptive observational study, cross-sectional survey carried out from June to September 2020. The inclusion criteria included resident doctors / postgraduate pediatricians and pediatricians from the Uruguayan Society of Pediatrics of Montevideo and the interior of the country. The data source was an anonymous online survey. The data analyses were relative and absolute frequencies of qualitative variables. Results: 1.080 online surveys were sent and 119 were included. Regarding the respondents' self-perception of knowledge, 58.0% were rated within the medium range. Regarding the concept of lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet, 63.9% selected the correct option. Regarding knowledge about nutrients, we obtained more than 50.0% of correct answers in most of the items. Starting these diets as supplementary food was discouraged by 58% of the participants. 79.8% expressed the intention to acquire more knowledge regarding the subject. Conclusions: more than half of the professionals have the correct knowledge about the correct planning and supplementation of vegetarian diets in children. They stressed the need to include vegetarian diets in pediatric food guidelines in Uruguay.

Introdução: nos últimos anos, o aumento das pessoas vegetarianas tem sido considerável. Deve-se ter cuidado ao incorporar esse tipo de dieta na população pediátrica. Ela não está incluída nas atuais diretrizes nacionais de nutrição, gerando incerteza nos pediatras no momento de fazer recomendações. Objetivo: descrever o conhecimento sobre dietas vegetarianas em crianças dos Pediatras e pós-graduados/residentes da Sociedade Uruguaia de Pediatria no período de junho a setembro de 2020 para poder determinar a necessidade de incorporar dietas vegetarianas às diretrizes nutricionais pediátricas uruguaias. Material e métodos: estudo observacional descritivo, tipo de pesquisa transversal realizada no período de junho a setembro de 2020. Os critérios de inclusão foram médicos residentes/pós-graduados em pediatria e pediatras da Sociedade Uruguaia de Pediatria, Montevidéu e interior do país. A fonte de dados foi uma pesquisa on-line anônima sobre a necessidade de incorporar dietas vegetarianas às diretrizes uruguaias para nutrição pediátrica. As análises dos dados foram frequências relativas e absolutas de variáveis qualitativas. Resultados: 1.080 pesquisas online foram enviadas e 119 foram incluídas. Quanto à autopercepção de conhecimento dos entrevistados, 58,0% foram avaliados dentro da faixa média. Quanto ao conceito de dieta lacto-ovo-vegetariana, 63,9% selecionaram a opção correta. Quanto ao conhecimento sobre nutrientes, obtivemos mais de 50,0% das respostas corretas na maioria dos itens. O início dessas dietas como alimentos suplementares foi desencorajado por 58% dos participantes. 79,8% expressaram a intenção de adquirir mais conhecimento sobre o assunto. Conclusões: mais da metade dos profissionais têm o conhecimento correto sobre o planejamento correto e suplementação de dietas vegetarianas em crianças. Eles enfatizaram a necessidade de incluir dietas vegetarianas nas diretrizes de alimentos pediátricos no Uruguai.

La asociación del déficit de vitamina B12 y metformina / The association of vitamin B12 deficiency and metformin

Resumen La metformina es el agente antidiabético oral más utilizado para el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) y se ha descrito la asociación de su uso con el déficit de vitamina B12. Se realizó una revisión narrativa de estudios para conocer la evidencia de dicha asociación, y las recomendaciones para su pesquisa, prevención y tratamiento. La prevalencia informada del déficit de vitamina B12 en los pacientes tratados con metformina osciló entre el 5,8% y el 52% en las diferentes series. Los pacientes de mayor edad, aquellos que reciben metformina a altas dosis y por más tiempo, y los que no consumen alimentos de origen animal, son quienes presentan mayor riesgo de padecer este déficit. Se recomienda la determinación de vitamina B12 cada año en pacientes con DM2 tratados con metformina y la eventual reposición en caso de déficit. Si bien existe consenso sobre el tratamiento del déficit, aún falta evidencia que permita realizar la recomendación sobre el tratamiento preventivo.

Abstract Metformin is the most widely used oral antidiabetic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the association of the use of this drug with vitamin B12 deficiency has been described. A review of studies was carried out to find out the evidence of this association and the recommendations for its detection, prevention and treatment. The reported prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients treated with metformin ranged from 5.8% to 52% in the different series. Older patients, those who received metformin at high doses and for a longer time, and those who do not consume food of animal origin, are those who are at greater risk of suffering from this deficit. The determination of vitamin B12 every 1 year is recommended in patients with T2D treated with metformin, and the eventual replacement in case of deficiency. Although there is consensus on the treatment of the deficit, there is still a lack of evidence to make recommendations on a preventive treatment.